Hypertension in children, or arterial hypertension, is a condition in which blood pressure consistently exceeds normal values. Pathology can develop independently or as a symptom of some systemic disorders, such as kidney or heart disease.
In children, hypertension is much less common than in adults, but they are also recommended to measure their blood pressure prophylactically. The disease can be latent for a long time, and a prolonged asymptomatic course without correction can lead to malfunction of vital organs or worsen the health prognosis in adulthood.
Symptoms of hypertension in children and adolescents
Hypertension for a long time can be asymptomatic: often the pathology is detected accidentally during a preventive examination. However, sometimes it can be suspected by a number of indirect symptoms.
Possible symptoms of hypertension in children:
- headache;
- rapid fatigue with physical activity;
- impaired or distorted vision, such as blurred vision;
- tinnitus or ringing in the ears;
- frequent mood swings;
- sleep disturbances;
- malaise with physical exertion.
Causes of hypertension in children depending on age
Factors contributing to the development of hypertension in children are:
- obesity
- diabetes mellitus
- sedentary lifestyle
- Abuse of caffeine-containing products
- smoking
- circadian rhythm disorder (sleep and wakefulness)
- psychological features (low self-esteem, depression, low stress tolerance)
- hereditary predisposition
- kidney disease
- excessive salt intake
- contraceptive use
- glucocorticoids.
A number of the most common causes of hypertension in children can be identified for each age group:
- In children under 1 year of age, hypertension develops against the background of abnormal structure and dysfunction of the kidneys and heart or immaturity of the lungs.
- At the age of 1-6 years, the cause of hypertension is more often renal pathologies and oncologic diseases.
- In children 7-12 years, along with renal and cardiac pathologies, essential hypertension is added.
- In adolescents, essential hypertension is the most common cause of hypertension.
Risks and consequences of hypertension in children
Although hypertension is often considered a disease of adults, its manifestations in young people can lead to serious consequences. Young people who suffer from high blood pressure are at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure. These diseases tend to be associated with more advanced age, but are increasingly seen in younger people with hypertension as well.
One of the main factors contributing to the progression of hypertension in children is ignoring the disease and not having regular medical check-ups. The earlier hypertension in children is detected, the better the chances of successful treatment and prevention of complications. Therefore, it is important that young people take preventive measures, monitor their health and regularly check their blood pressure, especially if they have a predisposition to this disease.
Impact of modern technology on hypertension in children
With the rise of digital devices, children and adolescents are spending more time in front of screens. Extended screen time, including watching TV, playing video games, and using smartphones, has been linked to an increase in sedentary behavior, poor sleep, and heightened stress levels. These factors, in turn, contribute to the development of hypertension in children. The lack of physical activity associated with screen time not only impacts cardiovascular health but also negatively affects mental well-being, which can exacerbate the condition. Encouraging children to engage in outdoor activities and limiting screen time can significantly reduce the risk of hypertension and its associated complications.
Therapy
Comprehensive therapy of hypertension in children includes drugs that affect the nervous system, diuretics and vasodilators. The success of therapy depends largely on the patient’s adherence to treatment. In the absence of adequate therapy, the outcome of hypertension can be a heart attack or stroke. These complications rank first in the world among the causes of mortality.
To delay the disease and the need to take medication, to enhance the effect of therapy, reduce the risk of complications will help to change lifestyle:
- limit salt intake (up to 5 g per day), animal fats, sweets and alcohol, stop smoking;
- increase consumption of vegetable fats, fish, vegetables, fruits, nuts, foods containing potassium (apricots, baked potatoes). Consume lean meat (poultry, rabbit) and low-fat dairy products;
- sleep at least 7 hours a day, avoid night work, business trips;
- normalize your weight, exercise regularly;
- try to avoid stress, if necessary, consult a psychotherapist;
- be attentive to your health and undergo regular preventive examinations.
The role of family and community in the prevention of hypertension in children
Prevention of hypertension in children doesn’t fall solely on medical professionals but also on families and communities. A supportive home environment that promotes healthy eating, regular physical activity, and stress management can play a pivotal role in reducing the incidence of hypertension. Parents should educate their children about the importance of a balanced diet and physical activity while modeling these behaviors themselves. Schools and community centers can also contribute by offering programs focused on healthy living and creating opportunities for exercise. Collaboration between healthcare providers, families, and communities is essential to combat the growing prevalence of hypertension among children and adolescents effectively.
Conclusion
Hypertension in children is a serious problem that is becoming more and more relevant. Every year, the number of cases when adolescents and young people are diagnosed with arterial hypertension increases. It is important to realize that timely diagnosis and lifestyle correction can significantly reduce the risk of severe cardiovascular diseases in the future.
The key factors affecting the development of hypertension are sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition, stressful situations and smoking. Young people need to actively engage in prevention: control their blood pressure, monitor their diet and physical activity levels, and avoid stress and bad habits. Understanding the importance of regular medical check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can significantly improve quality of life and prevent the development of serious complications.
